Lord of the Flies Response to Literature Essay

Every great society has strived and prospered due to the laws and principles the civilization has lived by. But when a society removes these principles that are laid out what could result? In The Lord of the Flies by William Golding, as a result of a terrible war a plane crashed landed, killing the pilots and leaving a small group of boys stranded on an island leaving the boys with no ascendancy. The groups of boys do well at the start when they establish an organized method to keep an ongoing signal fire going, problems soon arise as the kids begin to lose the liberation they had once practiced. As we scrutinize the Lord of The Flies and apply Freudians theory we can personify each of the three elements that make up his theory with the three main characters Jack, Ralph and Piggy that can also represent: the Id, the Ego and the Super Ego based on Freud’s Personality theory. The best well known psychoanalytic theory developed by Sigmund Freud, a Viennese physician, believed that the mind could be separated to three parts the Id, the Ego and the Super Ego. The Id is what we are born with it is the pleasure principle, representing what we desire at the moment in an unconscious state of mind without releasing the reality of the circumstances. In The Lord of the Flies the Id would symbolize Jack as he wants his ambitions met without thinking about their actual situation they are in. We can see this when Jack’s only interests is to go hunt and in his arbitrary choice he tells Samneric to leave their post to help kill the pig. This results in the fire burning out. The glorified Jack than returns to gasconade to Ralph of his accomplishment he tells him, â€Å"We got in a circle†¦Ã‚  We crept up†¦ The pig squealed† (Golding 69). He does not realize the significance of leaving the fire unattended; as his needs are met he could not see anything wrong with his actions. Although, in reality he has blown their chance of rescue as a boat had passed by but was unaware of their presence because the signal fire had gone out while Jack had told Samneric to help him. This impact Ralphs power as chief greatly as people than begin to doubt him and the group starts to split into two, but Ralph’s group leaves him as they go and eat with Jack’s group. Jack than gives the others a choice with his reasons being, â€Å"I gave you food and my hunters will protect you from the beast. Who will join my tribe? †(150). Jack only wants the power of being chief to satisfy himself and he try to do so by giving everyone a sense of hospitality when with his tribe, neglecting the fact the that Ralph has better intensions for the tribe than he does. This clarifies how Jack symbolizes the Id and can over powers the Ego, Ralph and the Super Ego Piggy because of how the Id is done in an unconscious state and only wants what it desires until it is pleased. Furthermore, Freud’s theory also consisted of the Ego which unlike the Id is aware of the reality and functions by the reality principle. The Ego can recognize on reality and is able to understand that behaviors have consequences. In the novel, Ralph takes the roll of the Ego as he is aware of the situation and organizes a plan to help try to keep the social rule that is necessary to live and survive. We see this when Ralph suggests new ideas, â€Å"‘If we have a signal going they’ll come and take us off. ’ ‘And another thing. ’ ‘We ought to have more rules. ’†(Golding 42). Ralph knew that they had to establish a form of trying to signal an outside source to have the chance of being rescued. Instead letting his desires take over he, strategized a plan where they would take turns watching the signal fire so it would not burn out. Even when the all the tribe left Ralph and he was left with Piggy and Samneric he knew that they had to warn them that you had to keep a fire going or they might never get rescued by ship. When he confronted Jack about it he told him, â€Å"Your only hope is keeping a signal fire going as long as there’s light to see. Then maybe a ship’ll notice the smoke and come and rescue us and take us home. † (178). Ralph’s intensions were only to help keep them safe and help them get rescued by coming up with a plan. This clearly shows how he is the Ego, when he makes decisions based on reality and thinks of the consequences when they are not followed. Although the Id over powers the Ego the Ego is more logical and would benefit more than the Id, as the Id only acts on pleasures. In addition, the Id and the Ego are very different in how they act the Ego and the Super Ego on the other hand works together. The Super Ego acts upon like an advisor for thoughts as well as actions that are carried by the Ego, which people also refer to as a conscience. The Super Ego can also act like the Id but when the demands aren’t met you have to suffer through guilt, but when are met it can make you feel pride. The Super Ego, in this case represents Piggy as he constantly advises Ralph in his actions that he is taking. For example, when they first meet at the beginning of the story Piggy tells him what to do with the conch, â€Å"We can use this to call the others. Have a meeting. They’ll come when they hear us. †(Golding 16). Piggy is the one that had the idea to try to rejoice everyone back together to meet and figure out a plan. He then lost most respect from everyone when they began to call him Piggy no one listen to him anymore even when he had good ideas to speak about. Piggy would also help Ralph realize what Jack would do and he wouldn’t, â€Å"I been in bed so much I done some thinking. I know about people. I know about me. And him. He can’t hurt you: but if you stand out of the way he’d hurt the next thing. And that’s me† (93). This displays Piggy’s effort in trying to help Ralph make decisions about Jack and what he is capable of. Without Piggy’s guidance as the Super Ego Ralph would not have been able to accomplish as much as he had done. Proving that Piggy served as Ralph’s Super Ego in judging Ralphs actions and plans. The Id, the Ego and the Super Ego all help to make the complex human personality. The Id, what makes us desire our pleasures unconsciously. The Ego helps us to adjust our Id to the situation to help us with a solution. And the Super Ego that acts like a censor for the actions of the Ego and thoughts. These three elements all resemble one of the main characters from The Lord of the Flies the Id is Jack who only wants his pleasures met, the Ego is Ralph who want to strategize a plan to help get rescued, And the Super Ego that resembles Piggy that helps to advise Ralph in his actions and plans. If these three characters acted together in the novel they would have lost the rules and laws from society like they did. They would have also been able to be rescued sooner than they did if the three characters would have worked together to make the society strong.

Native Americans in the United States and African Americans Essay

Introduction Joel Spring’s Deculturalization and the Struggle for Equality examines the educational policies in the United States that have resulted in intentional patterns of oppression by Protestant, European Americans against racial and ethnic groups. The historical context of the European American oppressor is helpful in understanding how the dominant group has manipulated the minority groups. These minority groups include Americans who are Native, African, Latin/Hispanic, and Asian. Techniques for deculturalization were applied in attempts to erase the oppressed groups’ previous identities and to assimilate them into society at a level where they could be of use to the oppressors. Techniques include isolation from family, replacement of language, denial of education, inclusion of dominant group world view, and provision of inferior teachers and poor facilities. Relationships between educational policy and instances of racism and patterns of oppression are explored in the following. A section will also compare my prior education to the one presented in Spring’s book. Formatting Understanding how European Americans have been able to perceive themselves as superior in psychological, spiritual, racial, and cultural terms is integral to seeing how cultural genocide has occurred in the United States. The basic program is taken from the Roman Imperium which delegates the authority to civilize others by erasing their laws and culture and simultaneously or subsequently installing new laws and mores from the dominant group into the minority group. This plan has been applied by U. S. educators and politicians in an attempt to carry out a perceived upgrade from an inferior cultural program to the superior Anglo-Saxon mixed with Protestantism point of view. This civilized versus uncivilized and Christian versus Pagan viewpoints reveal themselves throughout the history of U. S. education. Native Americans In the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, Native Americans were granted citizenship by the descendants of European immigrants who invaded their territory over 400 years ago. In the years before and after 1924, Native Americans have experienced cultural genocide, deculturalization, and denial of education (Spring, 2010, pp. 8-9). For example, the Naturalization Act of 1790 excluded Native Americans from citizenship, thus preventing them from having a political voice in their rapidly changing world. In 1867, the Indian Peace Commission made 2 requirements for U. S. citizenship: 1) rejection of native religions and 2) acceptance of middle-class American Christianity. The bases of a philosophy that uses superiority and inferiority include racial, linguistic and cultural differences. For European American educators, the â€Å"civilizing† of Native Americans included the installing of a work ethic, the creation of desire to accumulate property; the repression of pleasure, particularly sexual pleasure; the establishment of a nuclear family structure with the father in control; the implementation of authoritarian child-rearing practices; and conversion to Christianity (p. 14). The U. S. government’s program of Native American deculturalization was developed in part because it was less costly than fighting and killing them. Thomas Jefferson’s civilization program called for government agents to establish schools to teach women to spin and sew and men farming and husbandry (p. 18). Educational policies such as this set the stage for purchasing land and avoiding costly wars. In 1830, the Indian Removal Act authorized the President to set aside lands west of the Mississippi for exchange of Indian Land east of the Mississippi (p. 28). Cultural-ecological theory puts Native Americans in the category of involuntary minorities. They were conquered and forced into European American customs and beliefs. Replacing the use of native languages with English, destroying Indian customs and teaching allegiance to the U. S. government became major educational policies of the U. S. government toward Indians in the latter part of the 19th century. An important part of these educational policies was the boarding school designed to remove children from their families at an early age and thereby isolate them from the language and customs of their parents and tribes (p. 32). The Carlisle Indian School in Carlisle, PA became the first boarding school for Native American children in 1879. Here deculturalization methods were employed. From this methodology and perspective, the patronizing term cultural deprivation has come to imply that a group is without culture altogether (Nieto and Bode, 2008, p. 176). One of the perceived deficiencies of Native Americans was their propensity to share which caused the European Americans to label them as socialists which was anathema to the dominant group’s philosophy. Richard Pratt, the founder of the Carlisle School, sought to instill individualism and self responsibility in order to break Indians from a socialist style of sharing. All boarding and reservation schools taught in English with exceptions including some Choctaw and Cherokee schools that utilized bilingual education. In 1928, the Meriam Report reversed the philosophy that isolation of children was required. The new view was that education should occur in one’s family and community. Several decades later, from 1968 to 1990, a number of legislative acts addressed the mistakes of deculturalization. It was not until 1974 that Indian students were granted freedom of religion and culture by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Later, in 1978, Congress granted all Native Americans religious freedom. The Native American Languages Act of 1990 commits the U. S. government to reverse its historic position which was to erase and replace Native American culture. However, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 reverses attempts to preserve usage of minority languages (Spring, 2010, p. 135). The destruction of cultural self determination for Native American Indians is saddening. By breaking their connection to their native culture through reeducation camps, European Americans justified a world view that saw color of skin and dogma as beacons of superiority. African Americans. Historically, Africans have been involuntary immigrants who were brought to the U. S. to be slaves. They have faced numerous forms of educational oppression based upon perceived racial differences. For example, from 1800 to 1835, education of enslaved Africans was banned. Spring notes that plantation owners were in constant fear of slave revolts and consequently denied their workers any form of education (p. 43). Furthermore, because of the need for children as farm laborers, planters resisted most attempts to expand educational opportunities for black children (p. 57). Schools for African Americans were underfunded after the Civil War (Nieto and Bode, 2008, p. 44). Segregation of blacks and whites was the order of the day for most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This resulted in a racial divide, unequal school funding, and inferior facilities. An exception to segregated schooling occurred in 1855 in Massachusetts when it became a requirement to integrate schools. In 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment included a clause that appeared to disallow segregation. However this clause has been used to implement segregation in schools also. African Americans from northern states helped those in the transition from slavery to freedom. However there was a division between the philosophies of Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois. Washington negotiated for segregated schools while Du Bois, in 1909, formed the National Association of Colored People (NAACP) which worked for desegregation (Spring, 2010, p. 52). Washington established the Tuskegee Institute in 1881 after attending the Hampton Institute which was founded by General Samuel Armstrong. The Hampton Institute was an educational model designed to keep blacks subordinate. The primary purpose of the Tuskegee Institute was to prepare freed slaves to be teachers who could instill work values in other freed slaves (p. 33). The Tuskegee Institute received support from Industrialist Andrew Carnegie who saw the apartheid model in South Africa as a format for educating black southerners. Conversely, Du Bois and the NAACP fought against the status quo of a permanent African American underclass in education and the economy (p. 62). It was not until 1954 that the Supreme Court ruled that segregated schools were unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education. The court ruled that separate but equal has no place in education. The separate but equal legislation was from the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Title 6 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, established the precedent for using disbursement of government money as a means of controlling educational policies (p. 117). Additionally, much credit is given to Martin Luther King Jr. for helping move forward civil rights legislation of 1964. The Voting Rights Act and the Civil Rights Act, in the 1950s and 1960s respectively, gave African Americans political equality as well as the right to vote. African Americans have made significant gains in the past 100 years; however, the pace of change has been painfully slow. The election of a part African American President is a strong indication that we as a country have come a long way. Hispanic/Latino Americans After the conquest of Mexican and Puerto Rican lands, the U. S. government instituted deculturalization programs to ensure that these new populations would not rise up against their new government (p. 84). As with other groups, the Naturalization Act of 1790 blocked them from attaining citizenship because they were not white. Despite the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1948, Mexican Americans were not given actual citizenship. Citizenship rights were abridged throughout the Southwest through limitations placed on voting rights and segregation in public accommodations and schooling (p. 89). Moreover, in many instances, U. S. farmers did not want the children of Mexicans to go to school, because they wanted them to work longer hours. Mexican students were forced to speak English in schools. In the last half of the nineteenth century, Mexican Americans tried to escape the anti-Mexican attitudes by attending Catholic schools. Here linguistic diversity was respected. Puerto Rico became a colony of the United States in 1898. Again, as with Native American Indians, government policy concluded that it was less costly to instill and replace culture in Puerto Rican schools than it was to employ force with the military. Teachers who only spoke English came from the U. S. to teach students who mainly spoke Spanish. U. S. educational policy in Puerto Rico attempted to replace Spanish with English as the majority language and to introduce children to the dominant U. S. culture (p. 100). Examples of deculturalization methods included U. S. flag ceremonies and studies focusing on the traditions of the dominant white culture of the United States. In 1912, the Puerto Rican Teachers Association resisted the educational policies of the U. S. and defended the use of Spanish in school. One’s native language is the foundation for future learning (Nieto and Bode, 2008, p. 235). In 1951, after 50 years of struggle, Puerto Rico became a commonwealth. Subsequently, Spanish was once again used in the schools without the dogma of English only laws. Additionally, in 1968, the Bilingual Education Act was passed. It was not until 1974 that the Equal Educational Opportunities Act gave protection to the language rights of students for whom English is not their native language (p. 243). Presently, there are many voluntary immigrants from Latin America. These students are often faced with an assimilation policy which is aimed at Americanizing them. Frequently hybridity is the order of the day for these students. Only blind arrogance could make a dominant group believe that they could go to an island of Spanish-speaking people and teach them a new culture in a new language. As with other groups, the denial of schooling or segregation was maintained in order to continue subordinating the minority. Asian Americans Asian Americans, many of whom were voluntary immigrants, include persons from China, Philippines, Japan, Korea, India, Viet Nam, Laos, Thailand and other counties. The combination of racism and economic exploitation resulted in educational policies designed to deny Asians schooling or to provide segregated schools (Spring, 2010, p. 68). In 1872 the California school code provided no public education for Asian Americans while in 1906, the San Francisco School Board created segregated schools for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students. Finally, in 1974, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Chinese American parents in Lau v. Nichols. The decision required public schools to provide special assistance to non-English-speaking students to learn English so that they could equally participate in the educational process (p. 124). Each group of minority Americans has pushed for improvements in the educational system. By persevering, they have been able to move toward a more equitable educational system. However, there is still the dominant European American paradigm in place. As the percentage of minority Americans rises in the coming decades, I believe we will see a movement toward a more multicultural paradigm. Personal Comparisons My early education took place in an environment of white teachers and students. The furthest my exposure to different cultures went was going to school and growing up with my Catholic and Jewish neighbors. My elementary school and middle school were 100% white and my high school had 2 Hispanic students. For me, this was normal; I knew little of other cultures. When I reflect on my American History and Social Studies classes, I recall a sanitized story presented with many stories about honorable white men. Although I finished my high school education in 1977, I do not believe that Martin Luther King Jr. or Civil Rights was mentioned once. Moreover, a great deal of social upheaval obviously was occurring; however, the only topic related to the turmoil of the era that made it to my awareness was the war in Viet Nam. After high school, I attended a small private college in Pennsylvania where approximately 30 African Americans and 10 Hispanic students attended. I was acquainted with one of the Hispanic students who had a poster of Che Guevara in his room. All of my professors were apparently European Americans and I continued to study mostly dominant culture stories. Recognizing my own lack of personal direction, I dropped out of school and entered into my own version of home schooling. I purchased a bus ticket for Tucson, Arizona; however, I first stopped in Washington D. C. to visit my Aunt. She took me to a book store where I bought some philosophy books. I explored different philosophies and literature. I travelled, worked, read and explored my values and beliefs. I returned to my home town, Lancaster, PA, and decided to return to formal University life at Millersville State University. From 1984-1987, I again had European American professors. In 1991, I reentered Millersville University to take some graduate courses. I looked into getting a graduate assistantship and found an opening in a program called Upward Bound. I interviewed with the director, whom I knew from earlier years, and with a Filipino and African American student. I got the position and subsequently was working in a multicultural enterprise. I prepared lessons for high school children from multiple ethnic groups. The reason Spring’s history of minority Americans was not part of my education was because I was raised in a racially homogenous region. I think that I could have driven east 20 miles, south 15 miles or north 5 miles and everybody would have been white. Going west 2 miles would take me into the middle of Lancaster city where many African Americans and Puerto Rican Americans live. However, I lived a provincial life and did not interact much with people from other cultures in my youth. Furthermore, it was standard policy at that time to teach from a Eurocentric point of views. The effect on White Americans of an Anglocentric and Eurocentric perspective, which does not include minority Americans, is an incomplete and inaccurate understanding of self and world. The effects on minority Americans also leads to an incomplete and inaccurate understanding of self and world include, as well as increased dropout rates and resistance to education. Additionally, cultural discontinuities may contribute to negative academic outcomes (Nieto and Bode, 2008, pp 181-182). Another effect on minority Americans is clearly a net feeling of not being included in the past and possibly being excluded from present and future events. Exclusion’s result is well described in Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man. In this book, the narrator is unable to be seen or recognized because he is black. From Spring’s book I learned about the many minority groups that were mistreated and intentionally harmed at personal and cultural levels. Furthermore, I was ignorant about the attempts at deculturalization of Puerto Ricans. Additionally, I knew little about the detailed history of denying education to Asian and Mexican Americans. While I knew about reeducation and denial of education of Native and African Americans, I did not know the extent to which political, economic, and social forces combined to prevent these groups from experiencing their historical culture or from participating in the dominant, European American culture. Conclusion European Americans have quashed cultures in the United States through education. Native American, African, Hispanic, and Asian minorities have witnessed a persistent attack on their beliefs, values, and languages by those who either 1) thought that they were better or 2) wanted to deprive others of their pursuit of happiness in order to support economic and political position. Consistent deculturalization efforts were made toward Native Americans by government agents establishing schools for Native Americans and by boarding schools. By controlling the content and context in which education took place, U. S. educators suffocated Native American Culture and resuscitated it with the European mores. The multiple cultures of Americans from African descent were hollowed through denial of education, physical intimidation, segregation, and inferior facilities. Persistent attempts to correct the status quo by the NAACP, Martin Luther King Jr. , and several other organizations and individuals have moved the U. S. government to redress some inequities in the educational system. Mexican Americans were also placed in English-only schools or no school at all. During the twentieth century, Puerto Rican students faced the same threats of deculturalization as did Asian Americans in nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Legislation in the latter part of the twentieth century has also redressed some inequities in educational opportunities for these groups while, the No Child Left Behind Act has reduced some of the multicultural gains in education which disappoints many in the teaching profession. References Nieto, Sonia and Bode, Patty (2008). Affirming diversity: The sociopolitical context of multicultural education. Boston. Pearson Education Inc. Spring, Joel (2010). Deculturalization and the struggle for equality. New York. McGraw-Hill.

Michio Kaku’s Vision of the Future

Michio Kaku’s Vision of the Future By Artemio Zavala Michio Kaku's speech offered an expansive view of future technologies. His predictions were carefully grounded within the laws of physics and turned out to be quite marvelous. He foresees technologies like â€Å"retinal display† contact lenses that connect directly to the internet, driverless cars, the mixing of real and virtual reality, and software â€Å"robotic doctors† that might replace most people's initial visit to the doctor.Kaku was also optimistic about progress in medicine, biotech and nanotechnology suggesting that we'll have medical â€Å"tricorders† like the ones on Star Trek, miniature nanobots coursing through our veins, and advanced gene therapy. Kaku also believes that computers, artificial intelligence and robots will advance rapidly, even though he foresees a possible slowdown in the rate of improvement as Moore's Law potentially hits a wall. One area where I think Kaku failed to disc uss was how all this will impact culture and the economy.Kaku seems glued to the idea that only technology will change; yet he didn’t talk about how this technology might negatively affect society. If there will be robots that will cook and software that will do the jobs of doctors, and might even become conscious one day, then it seems clear that technology like that would be able to do the jobs of millions of people who sit in offices or work in service industries. Maybe Kaku fails to see the possible impact that his fantastic ideas might have on society? Nevertheless, his ideas were simply astonishing and I truly found his speech to be quite intriguing.

Expanding our Business into Canada Research Paper

Expanding our Business into Canada - Research Paper Example While doing business in Canada and one wants to import any goods, the Canada Border Services Agency (2010) advices that, before importing any goods to Canada, one must be in possession of a business number from the Canada Revenue Agency for an export account. Also, one must have a clear knowledge of the goods that he/she wants to import and from which country the goods are manufactured. The goods must also no belong to some of those restricted to enter the country. Moreover, the tariff classification, rates of duties and tax charged on imports are a major consideration when it comes to importing of goods to Canada. According to the guideline on doing business in Canada (HLB Canada 2008), for one to expand his business in Canada, there are a number of things that must be considered and put in place. These issues include; for instance, if one wants to start a business in certain province in Canada, â€Å"he needs to register his business as an extra- provincial corporation in that pro vince† (DBC 2008). In addition, all the procedures must be followed to the later. First of all, for a company which seeks to expand its business in Canada but already has an existing business in their country of origin, it can apply to go to Canada as business immigrant, however, there are three types of business immigrants, which include investors, entrepreneurs and self employed business immigrants. According to the citizenship and immigration Canada (2010), â€Å"business immigrants have to make a C$800,000 investment or own and manage business in Canada and must also meet certain experience.† For investors who seek to expand their businesses to Canada, they must be experienced in business, they should at least have a â€Å"minimum of c$1,600,000 net which must have been obtained genuinely, and they should also manage to make a c$800,000 investment† (CIC 2010). Nevertheless, business is considered as the main backbone of any country and so, being cautious when it comes to foreign investors is very important. Cultural factors The economics of the country as it relates to doing business there and business etiquette (how to be polite in that country when doing business, their customs and manners) In Canada, the main spoken languages are English and French, both of which are national languages. Canada is mainly associated with polite and tolerant people. Generally, the main form of greeting in Canada is by a form of a firm handshake which is inclusive of a smile and a direct eye contact (Gorrill, 2009); however, other forms of greetings may involve a light kiss on the left and right cheek. While invited by somebody for dinner, it is always a good gesture to carry a gift, which may include wine, flowers or chocolates. In the business etiquette, Canadians practice politeness at all times and they expect that others will adhere to politeness as well. In a business meeting, it is essential to shake everyone’s hand in the meeting room. Sur names and honorable titles are not commonly used in Canada, instead, academic titles are found more appealing such as Dr, Mr. or Mrs. In addition it is a custom to make sure that business cards are in both English and French languages for easier clarity for the two languages speaking citizens (Gorrill, 2009). If one wishes to conduct business in Canada, then he/she should be aware that Canadians communication is indirect. Non-verbal expressions are mainly used to emphasis on a

P&G Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

P&G - Case Study Example where the brightest minds have gathered together over the decades to come up with new products that customers would be happy to use on a regular basis, thus providing strength to the bottom line financially. Over ten years ago, P & G realized that market growth was expanding very rapidly, but that there was a slight decline in P & G sales, and innovation projects were only meeting 15 percent in success targets. This presented a challenge that many companies were facing at that time: how to keep up, move forward, and develop a larger range of fresh innovation which would help drive both the top and bottom growth line (Innosight web: Addison web). The P & G research and development (R & D) group consisted of 8,000 internal researchers situated in laboratories across the globe, in 26 facilities, and it was determined that the company had to find a way to make innovation processes, systematic, repeatable and reliable (Innosight web). Solving the Problem of Innovation and Development. It was decided, at this point, to move research and innovation out to the public level, including the customer view as to what they wanted to see on the market that they would purchase (Innosight web). In essence, this was a case of including the public into its hallowed halls of research and development innovation, in order to move beyond the previous insular situation of researchers who were constantly trying to come up with new ideas. Including the public into this new program, called â€Å"Connect & Develop†, opened many doors for the company innovation program, the researchers involved who helped clients/customers to bring dreams and innovative ideas to life, and provided a much larger, ongoing influx of new ideas and products (Addison web). In the Internet age, this has also become a big bonus where researchers and clients can communicate easily over the Internet in any number of ways, thus speeding up the process of in teraction during the development phase of ideas and

Week #2 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week #2 - Article Example This shows that independence is really an asset when used well. Another thing I have learnt is that if you believe in a value a cause you have to stand up for it, invest your time and money in it, and be smart about it. Without effort (which is basically time and money) a cause will remain just an idea that is worthless unless it is followed up. Still on page 126, we are told how since Lancie Clippinger did not invest in expensive specialized equipment, he was able to modify his ways to suit his wishes and circumstances. This might appear coincidental, but it is clear from the book that Clippinger is really just a smart and dedicated man who knows what he wants and goes for it. Had he been half-hearted in his approach to the venture, he would not have invested so wisely. On page 120, we are told that Lancie Clippinger is an intelligent man who understood the value of his own thinking and paying attention, and who â€Å"understood clearly that the profit is in the difference between costs and earnings, and who proceeded directly to minimize his costs†. This spells out another very important lesson, that it is vital to understand what we are doing. This is only possible if we have passion for what we do, which will allow us to act in an intelligent manner like

Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Biology - Essay Example In other words, it comprised of double stranded molecules of nucleic acids. So important was their work that they received a Nobel Peace Prize in 1962. The film fails to depict the fact that all Watson and Crick did was put the pieces of the puzzle together. In reality, the groundwork and foundation were laid decades before the duo existed. Swiss chemist Friedrich Miescher in 1869 discovered DNA. He discovered nuclein (now known as nucleic acid) inside the nuclei of white blood cells. This discovery should have been a landmark in genetic research, but the scientific community at the time did not view it as such. Phoebus Levene, a Russian biochemist, picked up where Miescher left off. An avid researcher who wrote numerous papers on biochemistry, Levene not only discovered the carbohydrate in RNA but also the correct way of joining RNA and DNA. Erwin Chargaff in later years stretched Levene’s work. He identified differences in DNA among different species. In conclusion, a handful of scientists paved the way for Watson and

The Great Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Great Depression - Essay Example The great depression was an economic disaster that affected Europe, North America and other industrialized nations for a period of one decade; from 1929-1939. The depression was the worst depression the Western industrialized world has ever experienced in the modern times (McElvaine 46). America started feeling the depression earlier than other countries due to the collapse of the prices of stock market of the New York Stock Exchange in the year 1929. Within the next few years, the stock price continued falling; they lost their value with a decrease of 20%. This decrease in assets’ value ruined countless numbers of investors, and the performance of banks started declining. Many financial institutions could not withstand the strain from the ensuing depression. People lost trust in the economy and minimized their levels of demand and spending (Burgan 117). Consequently, production declined with a big margin; the overall consequences of these situations escalated the advancement of the great depression. Sudden fall in output led to a deadly situation of unemployment in America because more than fifteen million Americans lost their jobs. Although the utter depression began in the US, it swiftly became an international economic crisis because of the close relationships, which developed between the European economies and US after the First World War (Burgan 117). The US was the chief creditors of Europe during and after the war since the European economies were destabilized by the war debts and the war itself. Other nations like Germany had suffered heavy economic strains due to defeat in the battle because they were required to reimburse war damages. This c onnection was extremely tight and close. When the American economy crushed down, the Europeans countries were also affected since the flow of traders and investors to Europe ceased. Unemployment in Germany skyrocketed within a short period claiming the jobs of more than six million people (McElvaine 46). The great depression was a bit soft on Britain because the unemployment levels were not as high as in America and Germany. However, Britain’s export and industrial sectors were depressed for a longer period that other countries, and they only recovered in the mid 1940s. All countries came up with strategies that would guard the domestic industries and boost their production. Nations imposed tariffs and increased the existing tariffs to discourage international trade (Downing 94). Imports were crowded with quotas; this resulted to a decline in international trade with more than half. When the world trade collapsed, the international economy was disintegrated into trading blocs , which were influenced by currency of trade and political allegiance. This trade between blocs was open to many countries. Political implications of the great depression The political implications of the great depression were profound. Countries such as Japan and Germany reacted to the depression by forming militarist governments who came up with regressive foreign policies, which resulted to the Second World War. In Britain and the US, the government intervened in the issues that affected people by forming welfare system for the citizens (McElvaine 47). The government managed all the economies with little intervention from individuals. President Roosevelt came up with employment schemes, which aimed at reducing unemployment. People were given street cleaning jobs and painting the public buildings. Further, Roosevelt came up with policies that supported the industrial and agricultural sectors. Although these measures did not yield to rapid economic recovery, they enhanced the overa ll

Reverend jeffrey brown cops kids and ministers Essay

Reverend jeffrey brown cops kids and ministers - Essay Example Young people were dying in large numbers, and several very extreme instances had occurred recently which shocked and stunned the local community. Everyone realized that something had to change because the situation was untenable for residents, police and religious communities. Another factor in the context in Boston that was relevant was the fact that much of the violence was located in gangs, who dominated pockets of territory and had little understanding of each other. The big breakthrough that Brown and his team brought to the situation was to tackle all of areas separately, with each minister taking responsibility for one area and yet to achieve unity of purposes through the fact that all ministers were working together on an agreed, ten point plan. The leadership emergence of Brown, Rivers and Hammond can be seen as three different approaches that have potential for success in their own right, but become truly effective when they are put together and allowed to support each other. Jeffrey Brown’s main contribution was to shift the focus for interventions from police policies to the young people on the streets themselves. By walking the streets he was able to build trust in his own area, and he had the initiative to go and seek out other local ministers who were prepared to take the same view, and get out of their comfortable homes to meet with people on the streets. He provided facilities, and the kids came in large

Assignment 2 - Business Scenario Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

2 - Business Scenario - Assignment Example Apple became a Global compact signatory after realizing the brand and reputation toward being a participant of the compact principles. Moreover, interest grew due to the rigorous enforcing in its standards and taking proper action directed by regulatory mandates of the UN in those companies that were futile in meeting the standards of the mandate2. The principals center on areas of labor, human rights, the environment and issues pertaining to corruption. Apple fights to follow the principles to the latter, hence embraces and promotes within our global share of the market place the statutory mandate of these principles. Our company has encouraged the invention of environmental friendly products to our customers. Moreover, in the realization of the tenth principle Apple works tirelessly against the norm of all forms of corruption, for instance bribery and fraud among others. Developing technology in order to enhance protection of the environment is a fundamental issue in the drive of p romoting principle nine (9) in the UN global compact device. Apple devices less pollutant devices that are unlikely to pose adverse effects the environment. Our industry utilizes the process of recycling resources due to the sustainable usage of resources while handling the wastes in a satisfactory manner. Due to the success of these processes applied in my company, I propose favorable recommendations to the Local Network companies. Firstly, the network companies can utilize a variety of a number of cleaner processes that ensure no harm to the environment. The companies can implement corporate policies on the use of environmental safe products. Designing technologies for the long-term and sustainability, by reconstructing company research and development is a vital means of accomplishing the compliance with principle 9 and 10. Stakeholders are an essential part of any organization as they enhance the production of resources. Therefore, Network firms must engage the stakeholders in e very decision pertaining to the compliance of the two principles. Engagement of stakeholders is achievable through directing information to them. These details are those that cover on the environment aspect of performance and the advantages of using such technologies in the market. The use of ‘Environmental Technology Assessment’ (EnTA) plays a significant role in ensuring environmental safety. It entails to provide Network firms with a structured approach in assessing the consequences of technology to the environment, and therefore, offers a blueprint on the inventions that companies can manufacture. Network companies must communicate with partners and competitors to ensure the availability of best technologies to the entire industry. Many firms work with contractors when offering tenders in the early stages of production, hence these firms must promote tenders that stipulate least environmental danger. Corruption is a vile to the Network industry. In order to battle c orruption I recommend a number of strategies that were in the application at Apple Company, in the process of implementing the h10th principle. An internal assessment of the network organization and establishment of anti-corruption policies within the firm is the first step to curb corruption. The policies should cut across all the administration and employees without bias while stretching to the entire firm’

Religion, Feminism, and Environmentalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Religion, Feminism, and Environmentalism - Essay Example The concept of ecological sustainability in the Hindu traditions goes back to the traditional beliefs of respecting and creating a special relationship with the environment around. Similarly, in Christian women the ecological sustainability revives the tradition that God gave this world to the creatures for their use and dominance over the earth and all its creations. Buddhism also promotes the idea of environmental ethics in the daily lives of the people to promote a non-violent ecology. Ecological feminism is a term that describes the parallel system of environmental exploitation and exploitation of women in the society. These theories suggest that the natural resources and women, both are exploited by the dominance of men. Men are dominant on nature and women because these are the powerless groups. The control over nature is seen as parallel to the control over women. The male dominance in the society is seen by the eco-feminists as the reason for the environmental crisis that we are facing. The male dominance agents include fights for power, political ties, the male oriented culture of decision making etc., and these are merely the reasons for the destruction of the environment. The ecological feminist theories also play an important role to highlight the relationship among the environmental politics and the philosophy of the society. These theories say that this relation is enhanced by the focus on gender. Philosophically, eco-feminism is the name given to the concept that talks about the link of ecology and feminism. This concept may be supported and opposed by the examination of this link. Some of the conceptual frameworks that are covered under the theory of eco-feminism are the distinction among feminism and animal liberation, violence and exploitation of environment etc. Ecological feminism shows that man is dominant on both; nature and women (Warren 25). Feminism is linked with ecology and eco-feminists argue that there is a deep connection between n ature and women. Women have the potential to dominate the environment. The reasons for this link are the oppression that is faced commonly by women and nature at the hands of the male dominant, patriarchal society. Women are believed to have ecological knowledge ever since the society emerged. They connect with the environment through the daily interactions they make with nature’s processes. Ecological feminism in India: Feminism in India describes the equality of men and women that is established on social, political and economic level. Feminists in India are active and have quite successfully provided the women in India with equal rights in health, work and politics. This has led to many developments of which women have been a huge part whether it is the abolition of Sati, independent organizations for women movements by Gandhi or the equality in men and women observed in modern India. Women were treated and feminism was considered to be different in India than in the West. Religion has played a major role to identify the power of women in India, and women are given the cultural space. The western society rather believes in individualism and free rights because of which feminism is promoted. The views of Hindus about nature are evident from the Hindu scripture and philosophy. According to the spirituality of Hindus, the women have greatly contributed in the ecological developments since the beginning. Their long history of Goddesses also shows the formative role of women in Hindu culture and religion, for example the association of women such as Lakshmi and Jaya with rivers to

Understand How to Improve Own Performance Essay Example for Free

Understand How to Improve Own Performance Essay 1.1Explain the purpose and benefits of continuously improving performance at work It is important that I continuously improve my performance so that I can grow along with the company and complete my work to the required standard. By continually improving myself I can keep myself challenged and stop myself getting bored of the job, which will always keep me interested. Also improving myself can benefit the company, learning new skills can allow me to take on harder more skilled tasks. This will help take the work load from my other colleagues. This will help the office to run more efficiently. 1.2Explain the purpose and benefits of encouraging and accepting feedback from others Feedback has many benefits when improving my skills within the office. Positive feedback can help boost moral within the office and help the employees feel appreciated. This helps to keep work standards high, and maintains a good environment within the office. Negative feedback isn’t always a bad thing; it can help to outline areas where my managers or colleagues feel I need improvement. I can then discuss with them how I could improve this in the future. This can help the overall running of the office and continually improve our work. 1.3Explain how learning and development can improve own work, benefit organisations, and identify career options Learning and development can help improve my own work greatly, by learning new aspects of the business I can help out my colleagues with jobs that I previously couldn’t carry out. This will lessen the work load that is carried out by my colleagues, which will benefit my organisation as the work can be completed a lot quicker as there are more people capable of doing it. By carrying out this NVQ I can improve my own career options. Previously I had no formal qualifications relating to the job that I carry out. However this can help to further my career for myself and for the business, as I can now apply for internal jobs that previously I was not qualified for. 1.4Describe possible career progression routes  Currently I am part of Wincanton’s agency team, Prime Time. The next stage in my career that I hope to achieve is to be employed in full time employment. If I achieve this then there are many other jobs within the company that I could progress to. If I was to stay within the admin office I could try to become a supervisor or team leader, or there are many other areas that I could apply for, like the stocks department or the finance department. However some of these jobs may not be available to me without further qualifications. I hope to carry out more of these at a later stage in my career; these could include further NVQ’s or even higher qualifications from the Open University. 1.5Describe possible development opportunities Within our business we print of POD’s for customers, this requires a lot of paper to be used. The capability of technology is improving every day; in the future the POD’s may be accessible via computers. If this was to happen I would need to develop my skills towards maintaining this and carrying out the day to day running. Another option could be to improve on my computer skills. Administration is highly dependable on technology as we use computers for all of the tasks that we carry out. In the future the technology may greatly improve this could mean that my current knowledge of the computer systems become irrelevant. A development for myself could be that I take some courses in ICT to improve my skills and knowledge of how a computer works.

Cadbury Integrated Marketing Communication

Cadbury Integrated Marketing Communication Executive Summaryonal company which manufactures a variety of cocoa products which are known and sold throughout the world. This paper gives an Integrated Marketing Communication plan that is aimed at promoting the forthcoming rollout of a new premium dark chocolate by Cadbury in the Australian market. The paper commences by looking at Cadbury as a whole-its current marketing strategy and positioning in the global confectionary industry before narrowing down to Australia. The marketing and communication plan touches on issues like; the implication of launching the new premium chocolate product in its Australian market, the different sizes and unique packaging together with the specific promotional strategies. The paper also analyzes market competition and how to combat the already launched Rondnoir dark chocolate product by Ferreros (a competitor) in October 2009. Various marketing ingredients will also be analyzed and some will be recommended due to their advantages in boosting the new product market position. Finally there is an implementation plan on how the new product will be distributed to the various outlets in order to reach the primary target market of middle to upper class people over the age of 25. Cadburys competitive positioning will be based heavily on its reputation in the marketplace with current products. Its comparative taste and quality ingredients will also be a positioning advantage. The new product will be exclusively distributed through all major supermarket chains, gift stores, delicatessens, specialised coffee shop franchises and major department stores. Introduction Cadbury is the world leading confectionary company with an excellent portfolio of gum, candies, and of course chocolates. The company is reputed for creating brands like Cadbury, Halls and Trident. The company started back in 1824 by John Cadbury, since then the company has expanded into a multinational. Cadburys vision is to be the worlds biggest and best confectionary company. The company has over 35,000 suppliers (direct and indirect) and employs over 50,000 people globally, it is a complex organisation. The companys units focuses on commercial operations these are in: The US, Britain, Ireland, South America, Middle East and Africa, Europe, Asia and the Pacific region. The business model involves a number of category-led operations: Commercial, Supply Chain management, Science and Technology, Human Resources and Corporate affairs, Strategy, legal and secretariat, Finance and IT. This particular structure is well integrated to deliver the Groups commercial objectives and global gro wth. Consumer analysis Cadbury marketing strategies and processes are focused towards being the best in performance, while keeping in touch with the regions commercial operations. The global confectionary market is large, expanding and with attractive dynamics. Cadbury is estimated to have a retail value of about $141 billion. The main category is chocolate representing more than half of the worlds confectionary market. Globally, the confectionary market is growing at the rate of 5 per cent more than any other packaged foods. Developed markets account for over 67 per cent of the global market. The most popular ranges are: Cadbury Dairy Milk, Eclairs, Halls, Trident, Flake, Clorets, Dentyne, Hollywood, Crà ¨me Egg, Stimorol and Bubbaloo. Cadburys has managed to create the right range that is available to all and for all. Cadbury is a market leader in many markets in one or two categories. In Australia, their strength is in chocolate and candy. Chocolate remains the most popular category with consumers seeking a particular taste in each of the markets. Cadbury Australia SWOT analysis Internal environment (S)trengths Cadbury is the largest confectionery company with a market share approximated at 10 per cent. The company also enjoys a strong financial position. In addition, Cadbury is competent in its manufacturing process due to a strong brand name and leadership in innovation. The companys manufacturing focus on chocolate, candy, and chewing gum has helped the company to understand unique consumer segments. The companys acquisition strategy since 2003 when it acquired Adams has helped it to expand to new markets. (W)eaknesses Cadbury solely depends on confectioneries and beverages for its revenues while some of its main competitors such as Nestle have diversified their product portfolio. This generates more profits that can be ploughed back and/or invested in RD. other competitors have even stronger supranational experience, Cadbury on the other side has majorly been strong in Europe. Cadbury must continue to enhance its presence and understanding of emerging markets in order to remain competitive. External environment (T)hreats Globally, environmental costs are rising especially costs of energy, packaging, cocoa, packaging, transport and sugar. Thus the company should locate its global supply chains at low cost areas. Pressure from competitors especially branded suppliers leads to higher costs of advertising. This is manifested in terms of price wars and aggressive marketing. In addition to this, societal changes due to increased cases of obesty and calorie couonting have also affected the demand for Cadbury products. (O)pportunities The confectionery market is well known for a high the propensity to merge or acquire, this is an opportunity for Cadbury to increase its market share through acquisitions. There are also new markets in highly populated countries such as China and India where demand for confectionary is increasing. In order to survive in the FMCG market, cost minimization is very important. Cadbury has the ability to further reduce costs through outsourcing, increasing supply chain efficiency, and prudent investment in R D. innovation is important to responding to consumer preferences. This can be achieved by the production of sugar free gums and Cadbury premium chocolate for treats and enjoyment. Industry Analysis Cadbury operates three Australian confectionery factories; two are in Melbourne, one in Hobart, Tasmania, and one in Dunedin, New Zealand. The premium chocolate market is quite lucrative in Australia and Cadbury wants to lift its image from just an everyday chocolate to one that allows the consumer to spoil themselves and the ones they love. The product can also be used as gifts to impress. The primary target market is middle to upper class people over the age of 25. Competitor analysis The new bite-sized chocolates is being introduced to counter the Rondnoir dark chocolate launched by Ferrero in 2009. Since the product is targets middle and upper class consumers who are over 25 years it will feature a variety of fillings and packaged uniquely. Integrated Marketing Communication plan (IMC) Integrated Marketing Communications is defined as, the use of different media channels to optimize the effectiveness of marketing communications programmes (Schultz et al., 1993). For Cadbury, brand communications is a reflection of implied values and the companys image consistently. The use of IMC has gathered popularity because of the observation that marketing communication offers the only sustainable competitive advantage of marketing organizations (Schultz et al., 1993, pp. 47). Since the organzation has various forms of communication at its disposal, any of these can be used, the end goal being to influence the behavior of targeted segment (Shimp 1997, pp. 13). As Percy et al. posited that people generally look at all marketing communications as advertising (2001: v). Increased brand marketing has made the advertising medium less important as compared to the brand personality. Indeed, marketing strategists have argued that placing a paid-for ad in a mass medium has less impact than a well integrated product placement in a high-profile sporting event sponsorship deal or even a movie. Integrated advertising programmes utilize the different qualities of media in a communications blitz that is carefully designed to project consistent brand values irrespective of the communication source encountered by the consumer. The use of marketing communications (especially information technologies) has been linked with the growth of global business. Global brands are now crossing borders and are resonating with consumers of more countries. Mass media, above-the-line (ATL) advertising is regarded as a key strategic constituent of marketing communications. It is the type of communication that if used well can transform the fortunes of companies, create new brands and revolutionize the entire markets. Although most managers are still holding onto this view, there is a stron g case for advertising from an integrated perspective with the recognition of the fact that brand communications leads in the practical enhancement of integrated creative implementations and media strategies. Market target The primary target market is middle to upper class people over the age of 25. Its competitive positioning will be based heavily on Cadburys reputation in the marketplace with current products. Point of difference The bite-sized chocolates will feature a variety of fillings and boxed uniquely. It will be upmarket from Cadburys current Milk Tray boxed chocolate range. Positioning Strategy The entire positioning strategy can be summarized as follows; The lovers of chocolate are now able to enjoy a premium taste that has been carefully designed to give the highest level of satisfaction that no other chocolate has ever reached. This is not just chocolate, it is an instant message to lovers with a sweet I love you on their tongue. Communication Objectives Product awareness: To achieve a minimum 25% trial rate within the aggregate target market within the first 12 months of the launch. Interest: To achieve a re-purchase cycle of not less than one month among a minimum of 50% of those who have trialled the product. Market penetration: Achieve an average 1% market share of the category segment nationally within the first 12 months of launch. Evaluation: Out of the 40% of consumers who are interested in the new premium dark chocolate, a survey questionnaire is prepared for them to compare it to Ferreros Rondnoir dark chocolate. Trial: After evaluating the new premium dark chocolate, consumers should select it over other premium chocolates at least 20% of the time because of the unique packaging. Adoption: the new premium dark chocolate should have an adoption of 75%, which will mean the consumer will buy the premium chocolate and will have given a positive feedback. Communication Mix elements Cadburys introduction of the new dark chocolate will involve the use of both push and pull promotional strategies in order to create and increase brand awareness. This is because the new premium chocolate is at the introductory stage of the product life cycle. Along the same line, it is believed that if we can package our products so as to be something like a gift can lead to a better market position of our new premium dark chocolate. The distribution channels will include supermarket chains, gift stores, and delicatessens as well as specialized coffee shop franchises and or not limited to major departmental stores. The feedback found from the large consumer market should be tested and the research elements applied to other point of contact like the letterhead, logistics, packaging and several others in order to complete the integrated marketing communication cycle. The IMC involves integrating all promotional tools in order to achieve harmony. They all should speak together with one voice. The direct mail, sales and advertising departments within the company can help each other via data integration. To achieve this, a marketing information system should be put up in place to collect and share data that is relevant across the different company departments (Axis, 2009). Advertising It is important to note that this campaign may need bulk of marketing money on creation and creation of adverts and may necessitate a large budgetary allocation for this campaign. In order to reach clients during the campaign, considerations are to be given to both the online and offline campaigns and more is to be allocated to the offline marketing. TV and Radio adverts are to be structured to give an impression of satisfaction to the consumer and should give them a very good reason to leave their current brands and consider taking a ride on the new premium chocolate made by Cadbury (Global, 2004) References General managerial texts on advertising and promotion Pickton, D. and Broderick, A. (2003) Integrated Marketing Communications. London: Pitman Publishing. Shimp, T.A. (1997) Advertising, Promotion and Integrated Aspects of Marketing Communications. Florida and Texas: Dryden Press. Managerial introductions to advertising Jones, J.P. (1999) The Advertising Business. New York: Sage. Wilmshurst, J. and Mackay, A. (1999) The Fundamentals of Advertising. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann, ISBA. Cultural and historical studies on advertising McFall, L. (2004) Advertising: A Cultural Economy. London: Sage. Nava, M., Blake, A., MacRury, I. and Richards, B. (eds) Buy This Book. London: Routledge. Studies of consumption McCracken, G. (1990) Culture and Consumption: New Approaches to the Symbolic Character of Consumer Goods and Activities. Bloomington, IN; Indiana University Press. Szmigin, I. (2003) Understanding The Consumer. London: Sage. Studies of marketing and signification Barthes, R. (2000) Mythologies (Translation Jonathan Cape, 1972). London: Vintage. Umiker-Sebeok, J. (ed.) (1997) Marketing and Semiotics. Amsterdam: Mouton de Gruyter. Jobber, (2006), Principles and Practices of Marketing, 3rd Edition

Advantages and Disadvantages: Event Driven Process Chain

Advantages and Disadvantages: Event Driven Process Chain The reason to choose UML to create a model among the other choices is its simplicity and ease of use. The structure of the end model obtained using UML is easy to design. The given case on hospital procedures was simple to understand but when comes to addressing the problem with a model, its an entirely different story. This is because the given case consists of four core issues and each issue has to be addressed properly. We identified the actors use cases, functions and their attributes at the first place. The very next step was to interpret the identified elements into graphical units. These are pretty much the steps involved in designing the model using UML. The first constraint to arise was how to handle external actors while using use case diagrams. Next on the priority list was whether to implement the model using swim lanes or normal flow when it came down to activity diagram. With reference to the hospital case, the entity à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½general practitionerà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ which was suppose to be interpreted as function it was rather used as a external actor. Similarly the standard swim lanes which were to be used in accordance with activity diagram protocol were replaced by using the alternate normal flow diagram. The initial work of interpreting the given problem into workable modeling units was carried out. It was followed by dividing the complex issue into small modules so as to achieve better efficiency. The model is highly influenced by à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½modular programming approachà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. That approach helped us a lot in understanding the complex issue by dividing it into number of sub-issues and addresses them individually. These collections of smaller solutions ultimately added up to the consolidated solution. Reflection on the modeling process: (EPC) It was an entirely different approach from UML model. As far as we are concern, this model is an enhancement of a basic flow chart. This is because, the shapes, the flow and the structure the model is highly influenced by a flow chart. The model required extensive analysis to segregate the model units from the given case. It takes quite some time to get accustomed to new rules of modeling difficulty arises when we tried to give a base model for the entire case so as to give a skeleton approach. Adding to the complexity, the use of logical connectors and splitters was a tedious job. Modeling the various issues and the core processes posed a variety of problem during the early stages. For example usage of logical splitters and connectors was different from using other branching structures. And also the rules of using units like à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½eventsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½functionsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and the others was to be kept in memory prior to joining them with the other units. The structure of the model was a long one when compared with that of the previous model. Some portions of the problem given had to be modified, which in process gave away parts of the literal components. Adjustments and modifications were carefully tailored so as to meet the conditions and rules of how the model to be made. The work was to pick out units with reference to EPC such as events, functions and organizational units etc. we identified events from all the core issues which were to be followed by functions. In a similar fashion the other model units were sorted out. After that these individual units were integrated as according to the rules of EPC. The areas in which logical connectors were to be used were identified and the connectors were put into their place. This ensures proper structure and flow of process. Reflection on the modeling Language: (UML) This is because; the given case is simple but an elaborate one. Thus, a reader could easily identify the number of entities involved and their roles and still could progress through the entire model which is an elaborate one without losing the track of the process. How and when a reader could get confused with the different models depends on the knowledge of the user, that goes as a different topic altogether. But even an ordinary reader could spot the persons, the different processes and the flow of the model readily and easily. And also the UML diagram itself is quite easy to design which involves few graphical elements. Unlike other modeling languages, UML emphasizes on à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½use casesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ which are in essence are nothing but notations of the essential activities results and the functions which constitutes to the entire process. It helps the user to easily get used to the protocols of using use cases and implement them. Since the actors and external actors are depicted against the use cases, its easy to connect the performers of the action and their sub sequent results. Complexity of producing a suitable model for business process is reduced to a greater extends. As far as the hospital case is concerned, UML is the most suitable modeling language to aid the user as well as analyst due to the above said reasons. This case produces four core processes starting from admission of patient till the discharge of patient, which involves quite a lot of actors and their functions which in turn produce the given results. One could easily interpret statement into the business model using UML by just using a handful of graphical units without any ambiguities. We say this so because, the four critical issues are addressed with the specific actions being transferred into particular use cases one after the other in a typical UML fashion. Each actor is connected to their actions and the directional connectors indicate the flow of action. For example: A nurse in this hospital performs the following actions like allotting bed, recording the admission time, conducting ward rounds, providing medical care and updating registers. It is evident from the above said reasons that the role of nurse involves quite a few activities and these activities are supposed to be recorded and depicted in business model to ensure complete data base of the events and their functions. Adding to these facts, one needs to know that these actions are not consecutive and happened in a sequence ware the activities performed by other actors coming in between them or preceding them or succeeding them. Only in UML we could connect the specific actions performed by distinct actors without getting entangled in the collection of various other functional units. In a nut shell, a reader could grasp the flow of different actors and their functions at the same time in a single diagram. The only substantial drawback of UML is not able to implement logical flow and branching options i.e. in the given hospital case, there are instances were two parallel events occur where one cannot use UML modeling to depict the parallel events occur For example: A nurse provides medical and general care whereas in parallel another nurse prepares the necessary test forms and forwards them to the physician. Using UML we interpreted this problem statement in the following manner à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½provides medical careà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½prepares test formà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½; a reader could not understand whether these two processes occurred at the same time or at different instances. So these processes were placed one after the other and connected to a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nurseà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. From the above example we can infer that UML does not aid plotting of parallel events. The key factor missing in UML is a lack of logical decision makers and branching functions example in discharging of patient, there is logical branching condition which needs to be satisfied, the condition is the patient is to be cured of diagnosis or else the entire treatment cycle has to be read. It is not possible in use case diagram as these two unique events need to be addressed as separate use cases rather than branched activities or events. Comparison of Languages: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Logical connections and decisions cannot be performed in UML use case models and it could be done in EPC. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ We have faced little difficulties while addressing parallel processes in use case diagram. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Structure and integration could be expressed more efficiently in EPC rather than UML. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Only in UML we could connect the specific actions performed by distinct actors without getting entangled to other functional units. Advantages of UML: UML is the popular approach of visualizing and documenting the software systems design. UML gives object oriented design concepts and ità ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s independent of specific programming language. UML is a popular and technique for documenting and modelling system. It ensures set of symbols to represent graphically the various components and relationships within the system and UML can be used for business process modelling and requirements modelling, it mainly uses to support object oriented system analysis and to develop the object models. Real time UML, this approach is the application of UML to design the real-time system. It emphasises the system with structural and behavioural language models and those designing modelling include the architectural mechanical and detailed design .Object oriented methodologies have employed in the construction of the real time system. The introduction of IT for hospital case is expected to be a major issue in re-designing the processes. Therefore, some of the functions will be speeded by developing suitable software and hardware artifacts. To do so, the business models should be seamlessly matched to software engineering models. As a standard, UML seems to be currently the best choice for expressing such models Disadvantages of UML: UML has still no structure and specification for modeling user interfaces. From our point view, the main disadvantage of this model is lack of formality. UML is used in a implementation process and we wish to use it for our stage of this process for consistency and to protect the user translating work into a innovative language. The other related reason is simply that if users are familiar with UML it may be worth keeping it, as a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½front endà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ to a formal language. Advantages of EPC: One of the main advantages of the EPC is that it is both powerful and easily understandable for end-users. EPCs are often used for capturing and discussing business processes with people who have never been trained in any kind of modelling technique. Although EPCs can be understood even by untrained personnel, the same models can be refined and used for the requirements definition of an information system. This is one of the reasons that both many end-user companies and many software vendors are using EPCs for business process modelling. The existing connections with traditional modelling methods (e.g. data models, such as the entity relationship- model) have been very useful for developing information systems for process-oriented organizations. Therefore many users have asked for a similar kind of connection between EPCs and UML diagrams. Comparison of process: ? UML is richer of concept than ARIS because of the presence of Stereotype, and this enables a higher view of modelling for specific cases. ? ARIS allows personalisation of the model as one concept is represented in many symbols.The software platform also allows integration of business and IS concepts. ? EPC method and UML have different scopes of business modelling. There is a need to use one language in both software and business fields. ? Logical connections and decisions cannot be performed in UML use case models and it could be done in EPC. ? We have faced little difficulties while addressing parallel processes in use case diagram. ? Structure and integration could be expressed more efficiently in EPC rather than UML. ? Only in UML we could connect the specific actions performed by distinct actors without getting entangled to other functional units. Reasons for choosing EPC: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The EPCs meet the requirements to put forward with respect to the ease of understanding by non-specialist in modelling. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ EPCs can offer a multi-level view of the process, since a function in an EPC could be explained in more detail by means of another EPC. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ EPCs give a consistent, formally supported process oriented language that can ensure simulation of the processes. Comparison between EPC and UML: When comparing the EPC and UML for modelling business processes, there are some aspects from which we can view the correspondences and differences between these two methods. The comparisons can be mainly grouped into three aspects: Context: This aspect covers in which context the EPC or UML are developed and used. Both diagrams can be used for modelling business processes, but both have different contexts under which they are developed. Ambiguity: In modelling business processes, it is possible that the EPC or UML diagrams that are created would be ambiguous. Examples of this are implicit decisions, possibility of having blocking, etc. Therefore it is necessary to take a look at the exactness or ambiguity of the diagrams constructed with EPC or UML Activity Diagram. Notation/Terminology: Both the EPC and UML activity diagrams have similar concepts à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ such as fork/join, branch/merge, atomic/extended activity, etc à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ but they are represented using different notation and terminology. Some notation does not have a counterpart in the other diagram. This indicates the semantic differences between them. Therefore we will compare both notations and terminologies to see the correspondence of symbols of one diagram in another diagram and the differences between them. Context Even though the EPC and UML Diagrams are used or can be used to denote business processes, they were developed in different contexts. This pragmatic difference comes from the different modelling approaches that drive the EPC and UML. There are two approaches to model a system. Process-oriented modelling: In process-oriented modelling, the main focus of modelling a system is the process inside the system. A process consists of sequences of events triggering activities. The events themselves are the results of other functions apart from initial events that trigger the whole process. By introducing logical operators, this event-driven control structure can be expanded to a complex control flow illustrating relevant decisions and potential for concurrency that happen in the process. This process-oriented modelling is the basis for the EPC, which found its way as a standard for modelling business processes of an enterprise. The basic EPC model can be extended by further semantic components to illustrate the elements participating in the process such as information objects and organization units. Object-oriented modelling: In object-oriented modelling, the main focus of modelling a system is the objects inside the system. A system is a bunch of objects that have relationships among them. These objects communicate each other by exchanging messages. An object is a discrete and differentiable entity in a system. Each object has properties and exchanges messages through operations. This object-oriented modelling is the basis for UML, which is mainly used in software development such as enterprise information system. Initially activity diagrams are targeted for modelling the dynamics of internal objectà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s actions. Because of its characteristics similar to flowcharts and its capability to visualize concurrent activities, they can be generalized to model operations, use case scenarios, workflows and business processes. Exactness: The formal description of EPC can be used to analyze the syntactical correctness of an EPC diagram. However in practice there are still some problems regarding the exact meaning of some elements in the EPC. The ambiguities arise from the analysis of how elements in an EPC diagram interact in a flow of process. Those ambiguities are: Conjunction of start events: An ambiguity concerning the modelling of start and end events occur in the EPC. It is obvious that nodes without input edges are the start events and similarly nodes without output edges are the end events. But the interpretation is left to the reader, which combination of start and end events he should see as admissible, that is, as seen in reality. The problem becomes obvious when there exists à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½events from the sideà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ meaning start events in the middle of the process which has been started some time before by the first start events. These usually represent communication with external entity. However this conjunction of start events is not explicitly modelled in EPC. Semantics of logical connectors: There are three logical connectors in EPC, that is, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½XORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ANDà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connectors. In chapter two we have already discussed how to connect these logical connectors to events and functions in the control flow. We know that because an event cannot be used to make decisions, an event cannot be followed by logical connectors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½XORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Nevertheless there is also an ambiguity in the semantic of logical connectors, especially in the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½XORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connectors. Consider the case in figure 4.1. In the case of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ANDà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector, the function F1 can only start when both events E1 and E2 occur. That is clear, the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ANDà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector serves to synchronize by waiting until both events have occurred. In the case of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½XORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector, the switching rule of the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½exclusive orà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector says that if either event E1 or event E2 occurs, the following function F1 can start. One question arises, what does the rule mean, when both events occur one after another, for example E1 occurs first then after some time E2 occurs? Can the function then run twice: The first time after the occurrence of the first event, and the second time after the occurrence of the second event? There are several interpretations for what the modeller wants to express, when he uses this connector: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ When both events occur at the same time, they block the following function, or à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Both events cannot occur at the same time, or à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ When the following function starts, then exactly one of both events must have occurred. For the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector, the following rule applies: when at least one of the events occurs, the following function can start; when both events occur at the same time, the function can only start once. A similar question arises for the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector as for the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½XORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ one à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ that is, whether the function runs once or twice. Again, there are several interpretations when the events occur one after another, but in the case of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector it is obvious that when both events have occurred the function is not blocked. E1 E2 E1 E2 E1 E2 AND XOR OR F1 F1 F1 Two events arriving at one connector Deadlocks and Loops: For simple EPC graphs it is easy to analyze whether the graphs work or not, but for complex graphs we need a tool to analyze them. It is possible that even when the graph is semantically correct according to the definition of EPC, still an analysis shows there can be deadlocks when executing the process according to the diagram. A deadlock means that in reality when the start events occur à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ thus the process runs à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ after some time the process is stuck somewhere in the graph unable to reach the end states. Possible causes of deadlocks are mismatches of logical connectors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ especially in complex graphs where connectors link to other connectors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and different interpretation of logical connectors. For an example an à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector can work either in à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½XORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ mode or in à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ANDà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ mode. If an opening à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector works in à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½XORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ mode but the closing à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector works in à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ANDà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ mode or the other way around, a deadlock would happen. This can be solved if the closing à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½knowsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in advance in which mode the opening à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector works. Another possible problem discovered by graph analysis is looping. A loop may cause a process to run forever. This is usually not intended to occur in business processes. Notation/Terminology Since both EPC and UML Activity Diagram serve to visualize processes and workflows, both diagrams have similar notations for some common terminologies such as activities, branches and merges, forks and joins, etc. as well as some notational differences between them. These notational correspondences and differences will be discussed here and we will use the result of these notational comparisons for the translation from EPC to UML. The notational correspondences and differences of both diagrams can be categorized as follows: Functions and Activity/Action States: Both the functions in the EPC and activity/action states in UML Activity Diagrams are the active elements that represent what a person of an organization unit or an actor in a use case diagram do with respect to the process. Therefore it is clear that functions and activity/action states represent specific business tasks within a company. That means that they share the same role within their respective diagrams. An activity or a function usually takes some extended time to execute. Events: In the EPC an event is a passive element that triggers a function and is a result of another function. The events can also show the change of status of an object over the process chain. There is no correspondence of events in activity diagrams, even though the activity diagrams are based on state diagram, but the states are mostly activity states, while an event is not an activity. Nevertheless if we take a look at the example of EPC some of the events, especially those that are the direct results of a function, are redundant. For example in the figure 4.2 the result of the function à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½capture requirementà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½requirement capturedà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ which means that the resulting event is just to show that when the function finishes control will pass to the event which in turn triggers the next function. However in activity diagram this intermediate result is not explicitly declared. This is because the transition in activity diagrams means that as soon as an activity state finishes it does not have to wait but instead it will trigger the next activity. Control flow and Transitions: Control flow in the EPC corresponds to the transitions in UML Activity Diagram. Control flow is used in a process-oriented approach to show the process chain over time from one event that triggers a business function that in turn results in another event. Activity diagrams are based on state diagrams in which transitions are defined; transitions show the change of states over time. Control flow and transitions are instantaneous; they are assumed not to take so much time. However in the EPC, between two functions there can be some time for the control/token to be kept in an event. Logical connectors: Logical connectors allow the splitting of control flow in the EPC and transitions in activity diagrams. For the splitting regarding to taking a decision between different alternative paths, both diagrams have a similar construct, which is known as branch/merge. The branching and merging of control flows in the EPC is represented using the logical à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½XORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector plus the events following it. The same mechanism in activity diagrams is implemented using the decision diamond symbol and transition labels. Both diagrams also support the notation of parallelism known as fork/join. The forking and joining in the EPC is shown using the logical à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ANDà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector while in activity diagrams it is shown using the synchronization bar. Actually a synchronization bar corresponds to an à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ANDà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector together with the events before it, because a synchronization bar waits for all transitions to arrive. The main difference between EPC an d activity diagrams in the case of logical connectors is that EPC supports à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½inclusive orà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector while there is no notation in activity diagrams to denote the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector. Organization units and Swim lanes: An organization unit in the EPC is attached to a function its responsibility for the respective business task. In the activity diagrams this is accomplished by arranging the activities that belong to the same department in a company or activities being done by the same actor in a use case into swim lanes. Iteration Activity diagrams support the notation for iteration which is not available in the EPC. The comparisons between EPC and activity diagrams are summarized in the following table: EPC UML Context Process-oriented modelling Object-oriented modelling (business oriented) (IT oriented) Exactness/Ambiguity à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Event from the sideà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, deadlocks, loops, logical connector semantics Notation/Terminology Active Element Function Activity/Action state Passive Element Event Process chain Control flow Transition Logical connectors Branch/Merge à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½XORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector Decision diamond Fork/Join à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ANDà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector Synchronization bar à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Inclusive orà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector Actor Organization unit Swimlane Iteration à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½*à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (multiplicity sign) Summary of comparison between EPC and UML Translation between EPC and UML Diagram In translating from EPC to activity diagram and the other way around, we will use the results from the comparison between EPC and UML Activity Diagram as already discussed before. To translate from an EPC diagram to an activity diagram, the following guidelines can be used. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Determine the organization units involved in the process chain together with the functions that each of the organization is responsible for. Align the Organization units into separate swim lanes in an activity diagram. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Transform each function into activity/action states in the activity diagram and put it in the swim lane of the organization unit being responsible for it. If the function is a complex hierarchical function (which is also called a process), the refined EPC for that specific function can be either drawn as a complex activity state (meaning that inside the activity state we must specify some actions performed in the activity as well as entry and exit actions) or it would be better to draw the function in a separate activity diagram. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Transform the corresponding logical connectors from the EPC into the corresponding elements in the activity diagram. The branches and merges represented by à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½XORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connectors are transformed into decision diamonds and the forks and joins represented by à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ANDà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connectors are transformed into synchronization bars. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Connect the activities and decision diamonds or synchronization bars according to the control flow in the EPC. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Add the start event(s) and end event(s). It is possible to have multiple start events and end events. This can be considered as multiple start events in the EPC or can also be considered as several scenarios in one diagram. However, there are some problems with regard to the translation from an EPC to an activity diagram: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ As can be seen from the comparison, not all logical connectors for splitting and joining the control can be modelled in a straightforward way. The main problem is with the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector; there is no corresponding element in activity diagram to represent this logical connector. One solution is to express this à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connection in terms of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½XORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ANDà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connectors. To show this, we know from the logic theory that for two variables x and y, the following equation applies: Using this equation we can translate two alternate paths taken based on an opening and a closing à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connectors into the following diagram: OR F1 F2 F1 F2 F1 F2 OR The branch/fork solution for the elementary or-connector However if the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ORà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ connector connects more than two alternative paths the resulting translation in the activity diagram would be very complicated. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The organizational responsibility for activities is expressed in activity diagrams using swim lanes. However, swim lanes are not sufficient for modelling advanced and precise organizational relationships. These are important for example for the definition of workflows when support through workflow management systems is intended. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Another problem with respect to translation from EPC to activity diagram is related to the loss of important information contained in events and information/resource objects. Some of the events are related to the change of state of an information/resource object. We can show this change of objectà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s state as an object with the object flow in an activity diagram, but if there are many information/resource objects in an EPC, they would make the diagram very hard to read. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The definition of activity diagrams as state machines is quite problematic for applying activity diagrams according to the UML definition for business process modelling because actually not all business functions can be regarded as internal action states, e.g. interaction with outside business units. A reverse procedure can also be applied to transl

Amish Gone Wild Essays -- essays research papers

Amish Gone Wild   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main point of this video was to show how the lives of Amish teens are changed drastically when between the ages of 16 and 21 they are faced with a whole new lifestyle. This then leads them to face a very difficult decision. Durring the ages of 16 and 21, Amish teens are 'let lose' or able to live the life that English children live. They can move out, get their license, wear normal clothes and party on a regular basis. Then after this is over with they must make their decision, they can either continue to live the life of an English person and basically be free, or they can join the church and give their lives to God and the Amish ways. When these kids were allowed to be free they seemed to chose the wrong road, many following the path of drugs and alcohol. They weren't just messing around with common drugs either, they were actualy getting into more dangerous drugs like crystal meth, and in some cases even gettin involved with drug dealers and police. There w ere definitely elements of structural funtionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionalism present in this video. Structural functionalism was present in their everyday behavior. Their society is so stable in their own world because of how they work things out. They marry, grow beards and work for the rest of their lives for God. This all helps their own society function. They comitt their lives to the church and they are all content with that. They stick to the ...

The Song of Evils Powerful Domination Essay --

All songs have different morals and people will have different opinions on what their significance means. One of my favorite songs "Step" by Vampire Weekend has great meaning to it. The song is about moving along in life, stepping forward into it and continuing on because you can't go back. My favorite lyric in the song, "Wisdom's a gift, but you'd trade it for youth, age is an honor - it's still not the truth" significes someone againg; becoming wiser and experienced. But they would instead give up what they've learned in order to be young again. It also mentions no guarentee of becoming wiser just because they're againg. Everytime I listen to it, I feel as if I'm learning something I didn't know before which is why it means so much to me. Don't you ever imagine what songs really mean, and how they trigger people's emotions in either a sad, happy, nostalic, etc. way? After reading The Pearl by John Steinbeck I've gotten a new perspective on how songs contribute to situations. I've thought about how The Song of the Family, The Song of Evil and The Song of The Pearl reflected the novel, and came into thinking that The Song of Evil dominated the book. It had many crucial turning points which made conflict rise in order to keep the story at a smooth pace. "Coyotito might die if enough of the poison had got in" (Steinbeck 6). This quote is stating that Kino's son is in danger, leaving the family at risk. When my cousin was battling her cancer there wasn't any medication to make it leave, so all my family did was hope that she'd get better before the situation got worse. "... "So the doctor knew," he said,... for his mind was hard and suspicious and he was remembering the white powder. Juana rocked from side to side and moaned out t... ...ino because he admires it so much. Same with drugs; people who desire them always get the worse in return. Don't you think some things people are passionate about always get an unpleasant outcome? Overall, The Song of Evil overpowered The Song of the Family and The Song of the Pearl. It provided suspension, detail, and conflict in order to keep the story steady. The Song of Evil prevented Kino's wishings, building great structure into the novel. It also appears as if Steinbeck ended the book with a great moral, just like songs tend to have, right? Steinbeck writes on how posessions can take advantage of people; in this case the pearl and Kino. I enjoyed this book because it shows the dark side of things people admire and how they can easily turn their life down. Wealth is able to make someone happy, but may have downsides which leads into living an unpleasant life.